2. 动词学案

一、定义：表示________或________的词。

二、分类：________动词（也称________动词）、________动词、________和________动词。

三、基本形式：谓语动词和非谓语动词。

1.________动词：动词原形、一般现在时态的第三人称单数和过去式。 2.________动词：动名词、不定式、过去分词和现在分词。 四、谓语动词的基本用法特点

1.行为动词：行为动词是能作________的动词。根据其句法作用可以分为________动词(vt.)和________动词(vi.)。根据动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，又分为________动词和________动词。 (1)及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)

①.及物动词。及物动词本身意思不完整，需要接________才能使其意思完整。如：

We ________ English. (学习)

②.不及物动词。不及物动词自身意思________，无需接宾语。如： The sun ________ in the east. （升起）

有一部分动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。如： The fly ________ disease. (vt.) 苍蝇传播疾病。 The news ________ quickly. (vi.) 消息传得很快。 (2) 延续性动词和终止性动词

①.延续性动词：表示动作可以延续，可与表示__________的状语连用。如：stay, work,have, exist, wait等。

②.终止性动词：表示动作____________，不与表示一段时间的状语及while 引导的时间状语从句连用，如：go, come, stop, arrive, die, marry等。 ③.终止性动词在________的完成时态句子中，可与表示一段时间的状语连用。

★I have seen him for two years.

(×) (√)

★I haven't seen him for two years.

注意：在有终止性动词句子中，若与表示一段时间的状语连用时，可用意思相当的延续性动词或表示状态的动词替换；也可用it is… since...结构替换。

★ He has died for three years. →He ________________ for three years. (√)

(×)

→It is three years________ he died. ★ How long can I borrow your book?

(√) (×)

(√)

→How long can I ________ your book? 身份等。分为全系动词和半系动词。

2.系动词：用于连接________和________，说明主语的________、性质特征或①. 写出7个表示“变成”类的系动词：_______________________________ ________________________________________（）注意:turn.

②. 表示“似乎、好像、看上去”：________________________________ ③. 表示“感官”方面: ___________________________________________ ④. 表示“仍然，保持”： ________________________________________ ⑤. 表示“结果”：______________________________________________ 注意：★系表结构分：全系动词be +表语 或 半系动词+表语。

★ 有些动词既是行为动词又是系动词。如

Look at the blackboard. 看黑板。(look在句中用作________动词) He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 (look在句中用作________动词) 3．助动词:助动词一般无实际意义，它们协助主要动词表示以下功能:________、________、疑问、否定或其它语法关系（如：加强语气）。英语

的

助

动

词

有

___________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________ (1)助动词be的形式am, is, are的用法

①. am, is, are +现在分词，构成________时态，例如： ★ English is ________(become) more and more important. ②. am, is, are + 过去分词，构成________语态，例如： ★ The window was ________(break) by Tom.

③. 助动词am, is, are+ 动词不定式的用法：表示约定将要发生事及最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：

★When are you________(leave) for school? ★She is to be married next month.

★We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. (2)“be about to + 动词原形”，表示“正要做……”。不可与表示将来的时间状语连用，但可与when (=and then)引导的并列句连用。如 ★The train is about to start.（√）

★I am about to do my homework this afternoon. （×）

★He was about to tell me the secret ________ someone patted him (3)“be going to+动词原形”表示“胸有成竹、早已计划要做的事”，

on the shoulder.

可译为“打算做某事”。此外，be going to 还可以根据现在的迹象表明某事即将发生或肯定会很快发生。如：

★ He is going to speak on TV this evening. ★Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain. (4)助动词have的用法

①.have +过去分词，构成________时态，例如： ★ He has ________(leave) for London.。

②. have + been +现在分词，构成________时态，例如： ★I have been ________(study) English for ten years. ③. have + been + 过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如： ★ English_________________(teach) in China for many years. (5) 助动词do 的用法 ①.构成一般疑问句，例如：

★________ you want to pass the exam? ②. do + not 构成否定句或否定祈使句，例如： ★ I ________(not) want to see the film.

★He ________(not)like to study.

★In the past, many students ________(not) know the importance

of English.

★________(not) be so absent-minded. 说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do.

③. 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如： ★________ come to my birthday party.

★ I ________go there. ★I do miss you. ④.用于倒装句，例如：

★ Never________ I hear of such a thing.

★Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance

of English. ⑤. 用作代动词，例如：

★ He knows how to drive a car, ________ he? (6). 助动词shall和will的用法

________用于第一人称，________常用于二、三人称表示“预测或临时决定”将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

★I ________study harder at English.

★I believe China ________become one of the richest countries in

the world.

★—Sorry, I forgot to buy the book you need. —It doesn't matter. I________go myself.

4．情态动词(14个):情态动词有一定的意义，无人称的数的变化，和不带to的动词不定式（ought to, have to 等除外）一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气或情态。

(1)不带to的(9个)_________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ (2)带to的(5个)：__________________________________________________ 四、动词短语

1.重点动词及动词词组：add, agree，break, bring, call, carry, catch, come, compare, cover, cut, deal, die, end, fall, fix, feed, follow, get, give, go, hand, hold, keep, look, make, pick, pull, put, reach, refer, result, run, set, stick, show, stand, strike, take, turn等。 2.易混动词与动词词组： ①词汇辨析：

过去式 过去分词 现在分词 a. lie躺 ________________________ lie说谎 ________________________ lay放,搁;下蛋________________________ hang 挂,悬,垂下________________________ hang绞死

________________________

b. arise, rise, raise; sit, seat; affect, effect; experience, experiment;used to, be used to do sth., be used to doing sth.

②近义词词义及用法： fit, suit; continue, last; supply, provide, give, offer; happen, occur, come about, take place, break out; look, appear, seem; stay, remain, keep; repair, fix, mend; take, bring, fetch, carry; advise, suggest, persuade; attend, join, take part in, go in for, enter for; become, get, turn, go; beat, defeat, win, gain; beat, strike, hit, tap; divide, separate; cure, treat; put on, wear,

have on, dress; would rather do sth. than do sth., prefer… 3. 短语动词的分类：

①不及物动词+介词+宾语：相当于及物动词+宾语，如：look for sb. or sth., laugh at sb., insist on. doing sth., turn to sb., suffer from. Sth.

②动词+副词：有的相当于不及物动词，如：go on, set off, break out, give in, call up等。有的相当于及物动词，其宾语如果是名词，可放在副词之前也可放在副词之后，但其宾语如果是代词，则只能放在副词之前。如： ★pick up the book=pick the book up ★I put it down. (√) ★Ｉput down it.(×)

③动词+名词+介词，如：make use of, have (an) effect on, show interest in, pay attention to, take part in.等。

注意：a.动词+ sb.+ of sth. 中常用的动词：控告________；通知________；提醒________；抢劫________；警告________等。

★ This photo ________（提醒）me of my school days.

b.动词+ sb. for doing sth中常用的动词：指责, 责备________；批评________；原谅________；原谅________； pardon原谅；惩罚________；scold指责，责骂；thank感谢。

★I don’t blame you for doing that.

④.be+形容词+介词：be careful of; be worried about; be strict in, be popular with, be absent from, be famous for, be similar to等。

第二讲 动词的时态

一、定义：表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词时态。 二、时态分类

时态由“时”和“态”构成。“时”有4类，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来；“态”也有4种，即一般、进行、完成和完成进行。将4个“时”和4个“态”组合在一起，就是时态的种类，共16种。在高中阶段，一般需要掌握十种时态。（表格加斜线的六种时态一般不需要掌握）。 时态 现在 过去 一般时态 write/writes 英语时态表（以write为例） 进行时态 完成时态 has written was /were writing 完成进行时态 had been writing 将来 过去 将来

should/would write

shall/will have shall/ will have written been writing should/would should/ would should/wouldhave be writing have written been writing 三、几种重要时态的定义及用法

1. 一般现在时：表经常或________发生的动作。（客观事实、真理；用于状语从句代将来;按时刻表规定发生的动作） ★He ________(like)watching TV every evening.

2. 一般过去时：在过去时间里经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态。（用过去时表示现在，语气委婉; 固定句型）

★He ________(like) watching TV every evening when he was in his twenties.

3. 一般将来时：表示在将来（某个起点将）要发生的动作。shall（will；be going to do；be about to do；be to do；be doing）+动词原形。 4.现在完成时：表示过去所发生的动作或状态对现在的影响；表示过去所发生的动作或状态持续到现在刚刚完成；表示过去所发生的动作或状态持续到现在甚至持续到将来。（某些固定句型——since从句；It is the first time that sb.has done…） ★ I have been to Shanghai.

★ I have ________(finish)my homework so far. ★ I have been a doctor ________ 10 years.

★ It is / has ________ 10 years since I was a doctor. ★ This / It is the first time that he ________(go)to Xi’an. 注： 短暂意义的动词，如open，go，come，die, leave，arrive，begin，

return，stop，join, marry, start等，肯定句不能与表示一段时间的状语连用——for +一段时间或while 从句）

5.过去完成时: 表示过去的过去发生的动作或存在的状态。(固定句型

——It was the first time that sb.had done…; had thought / believed…，即表“意向动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose的过去完成时表\"原以为，本相信…\")

★ I________ (finish) my homework when my mother came back. ★ This / It was the first time that he ________ (go)to Xi’an. ★ I ________ (think) the book was mine.

6.现在进行时：表示说话时正在发生的动作。『表即将发生的动作；表

示渐变的动作过程(get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等)；表反复发生的动作，带有说话人的主观色彩』 ★ The rain is coming.

★—what are you doing ?—I am swimming. ★ The weather is getting cooler and cooler.

★ He is always laughing while having the English class. 7.过去进行时：表示在过去某个特殊的或具体的时间正在进行的动作。（过去大时间套小时间）

★ Tom ________ (watch) TV at 8:00last night.

8.现在完成进行时：表示过去所发生的动作或状态持续到现在甚至持续到将来，但特别强调现在正在进行的动作。

★ He has been ________(talk) with Mary all the time.

★ Mary and Jack ________________(learn)how to drive a car these days.

9.将来进行时：表示在将来某个特殊的或具体的时间正在进行的动作。（将来大时间套小时间）

★ My teacher________________(have)a meeting at 9:00tomorrow morning.

10.将来完成时：表示在将来某个终点将要完成的动作。

★ We________________ (learn) 3500 English words by the end of next April.

比较：We will go to Beijing next April. 四、其它

1、几种易混时态辨析: 1）一般过去式与过去进行时； 2）现在进行时与一般现在时； 3）一般将来时与将来完成时。 2、时态替代现象:

＊ Here comes the bus.

＊ It is/ has been 3 years since he lived here. ＊ See to it that all the windows are closed. 等。

第三讲 动词的语态

一、定义:语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明________与________之间的关系。

二、分类：________语态和________语态。

三、被动语态的构成：（助动词/情态动词）be + done+ (by+动作执行者）；助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化；基本句型：be+done, 即

1、一般现在时： ________ + done; 2、一般过去时： ________ +done;

3、现在进行时： ________________ + done 4、现在完成时：________________ + done 5、过去完成时: ________________ + done

6、一般将来时： be going to /________________ done , 7、情态动词的被动语态：情态动词 + ________________ 1、感官动词或使役动词的被动形式

四、使用被动语态应注意的事项

★Tom was made________(admit) his fault. ★You are seldom heard________(sing) a song.

2、接双宾语的动词的被动语态

★Some practical suggestions are given to the students by teachers. ★A nice car has been bought for his son.

3、动词短语的被动语态；

★Much attention must be paid ________ your spelling. 4、宾语补足语的被动语态；

★The orphans are well taken care ________ in the center. ★Tom was caught ________(steal) in the supermarket. ★ English is found easy by all of us.

5、含有主语从句的被动结构；

★It is ________(report)that the outputhas been raisedby 3 times. ★It is ________(say)that the sports meeting will be held in the middle of next month.

6．“get+及物动词的过去分词\"用法。

★The young man got married several years ago. 五、不用被动语态的几种情况

1、某些“不及物动词+介词”短语, belong to, date back to，date from等。

★The high tower________ (date) back to the Tang Dynasty was destroyed in the earthquake.

2、系表结构

1、当read, write, wash, sell, clean, cook, burn, draw, cut, wear

六、主动表被动的几种形式

等词与well, easily, quickly 等连用时。

★The manager insists that his goods ________ (sell) well. ★ This pair of shoes ________ (wash) well. 2、 be worth doing;

★His suggestionsare worth________ (discuss) at the conference. 3、need（ want，require，deserve）+ doing (to be done) ★My roof needs ________ (repair) after the storm. ★ The door wants ________ (repair)

4、主语 + be + adj. + to do. ★ The question is hard to answer.